Abstract: Military forces constitute the coercive instrument and security cornerstone of a state. The military confronts the most critical and sensitive issue in the modern national governance system: how to sustain professional combat effectiveness while imposing stable and controllable political constraints. Western capitalist countries represented by Britain and the United States, through centuries of institutional evolution and historical practice, have gradually built a civil service system. This system is underpinned by the civil service system, centered on the principle of civilian control over the military, and operationalized via the military civilian personnel system, serving the dual goals of enabling civilian governments to exercise political control over the military and enhancing military effectiveness. Systematic sorting of the historical context and institutional connotations of the three aforementioned components, integrated with the current specific practices of Britain and the United States civilian service systems, enables focused analysis of their internal correlations and coupling mechanisms, in-depth assessment of the system’s advantageous features and inherent limitations, and the proposal of critical references and practical inspirations based on the comparison of political system differences between China and these Western countries.