Abstract: The new formation of production relations is needed to be compatible with new quality productive forces. There are many researches on incorporating new production materials such as data and technology into new production relations, but rare research on constructing new production relations from the perspective of labor ownership. Talents are the key to innovation and the dynamic elements of new quality productivity, so building a new type of production relationship which can stimulate workers’ innovative momentum is required to promote the formation and development of new quality productivity. According to Marx’s theory of production relations, this article is aimed to construct an analytical framework for a new type of production relations from the forms of labor ownership, labor organization, and labor value distribution. The connotation of production relations will change with the development of productive forces. In the new era, innovation driven new quality productive forces require the construction of a new type of production relations based on the institutionalization of labor ownership, humanization of labor organization management, and scientific measurement of labor contribution.