Abstract: Individual cognition is stored in the mind in the “schema” block diagram model. The existing prior knowledge influences the learning of new knowledge in the form of transfer, including positive transfer and negative transfer. A new “schema” would be formed from the original one by assimilating or conforming. The influence of cognitive structure transfer theory on nondestructive testing professional English teaching is discussed in this paper. There are three aspects, that is, transfer of college English knowledge, transfer of related professional knowledge and correction of learning attitude. Relevant strategies are suggested for teachers to help students form positive transfer in the course, which is of great significance. At the same time, through the analysis of negative transfer cases in nondestructive testing professional English teaching, it is found that teachers should pay attention to reducing or eliminating the influence of negative transfer on the learning of new knowledge. The research shows that the application of cognitive structural transfer theory in professional English is helpful to improve students’ English literacy, enrich and improve the original “schema” structure in the brain.