Abstract: : “Democracy” and “Science” were the two banners of the May Fourth New Literature. “Science” appeared in the magazine of New Youth far more often than “Democracy”, but its research results were far less fruitful than “Democracy”. The book Science and the Emergence of Modern Chinese Literature focuses on the relationship between “Science” and the May Fourth New Literature, returns to the historical context, carefully examines the unique condition of the May Fourth New Literature under the influence of scientific factors. It examines the literaty scene and deeply analyzes the negative impact of science on the May Fourth New Literature. Based on the historical textual evidence, this book outlines the traditional truth and modern qualities that science has given to the May Fourth New Literature. It examines the literary process with a historical perspective on the history context and the direction of current literary development, which sheds light on the fuzzy relationships between “Democracy” and the May Fourth New Literature.