How did Exception Form?A Historical Institutional Analysis of the Evolution of Swiss Democratic System

As one of the three major types of democratic systems in the world, Swiss democracy is an exception to world democracy, and its formation has its unique roots. According to the theory of historical institutionalism, institutional change starts from the initial formation of institutions, and the basic characteristics of institutions formed in the critical junctures of evolution and became self-strengthening constantly by path dependency. From the perspective of the initial system, special geographical conditions are the main variable of Swiss democracy. In the three Critical Junctures of the historical evolution, such as 1291, 1815, and 1848, democracy institution has formed, while also forming path dependency effect of institutional change. This is true from the perspectives of direct democracy, federalism, and permanent peace system. Swiss democracy ultimately converges into the consensus democracy Inertially.