Abstract: As a kind of porous czrystalline polymer connected by strong covalent bonds, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have the characteristics of predesigned structure, high porosity, high specific surface area and high crystallinity, providing wide-ranging applications in fields such as adsorption, catalysis, gas separation, optoelectronics and sensing. Uranium (U(VI)) is a crucial element in the nuclear industry and a globally environmental pollutant with high toxicity and radioactivity. It is typically present in radioactive waste in the form of UO₂²⁺, which can seriously endanger human health and ecological environment. This paper reviews the latest advancements in COFs for the selective detection and extraction of radionuclide uranium in water, briefly describing the interaction mechanisms and adsorption properties between COFs with different structures and UO₂²⁺. The prospects of enhancing the adsorption performance of COFs for UO₂²⁺ are also discussed.