Abstract: Based on the 30 m Advanced Space borne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM Version 2), the optimal window size for calculating and evaluating the RDLS in Jiangxi Province was accurately determined using the mean turning-point analysis method, and the RDLS of Jiangxi Province was generated accordingly. Use Kernel Density Estimation, landscape pattern index and other methods to explore the spatial distribution pattern of rural residential areas affected by topographic undulations. Results showed that the majority of the RDLS is low in Jiangxi Province, in general, Jiangxi Province had higher RDLS with the exceptions of the central and north parts. Moreover, the scale and density of rural residential land in Jiangxi Province showed a spatial pattern of more land in the north and less in the south. With the increase of RDLS, the Number of Patches, Class area and Patch Density of rural residential areas gradually decrease, while the distance index and dispersion degree show a gradually increasing trend. Lastly, rural residential areas in Jiangxi Province are concentrated in highly suitable areas and relatively suitable areas. With the improvement of terrain suitability, the number of residential areas and the average scale are gradually increasing.