Abstract: As China has become the largest and fastest-growing market for wind power generation globally, the demand for wind power technology and equipment is constantly increasing. Therefore, the quality and reliability of wind power equipment have become extremely important. As a crucial component of wind turbine generators, damage to the components of gearboxes may significantly affect the system performance. Common damage to gears was discussed, including micro-pitting, pitting, wear, gluing, plastic deformation, and fracture, and pitting and cracks of bearings and cracks of main shafts were also discussed. In addition, failure cases of wind turbine gearboxes were analyzed, providing an important basis for preventing accidents and enhancing the stability of equipment. Aiming at the failure of key components of gearboxes, strength calculations and simulation of failure process of microstructures were carried out, and numerical analysis was conducted for different failure patterns, which can optimize the design and enhance the performance of equipment. The damage and failure of wind turbine gearboxes significantly affect the safety and efficiency of wind power equipment. By strengthening materials and design, implementing regular maintenance, and introducing advanced monitoring techniques, the wind power industry will effectively enhance the stability and reliability of equipment, maintaining its competitive edge in the rapidly growing market.