Abstract: Aeronautical materials are the basis of the development of aviation equipment. The testing and characterizing techniques of aeronautical materials and components play a key role during the entire life cycle from research, manufacturing, service, maintenance to failure analysis of fatal accidents (failures). This paper takes the demand and problem as the guidelines, combined with specific cases, to illustrate the shortcomings of the conventional characterization methods, such as the internal microstructure and residual stress of components cannot be characterized and evaluated without damage. The urgent requirements for neutron and synchrotron facilities application in characterization of microstructure and residual stress have been proposed: Furthermore, the advice on development of neutron stress spectrometer for aeronautical materials and strengthening the development and application in neutron scattering and sychrotron radiation techniques have been given respectively.